Today, thermal energy storages (TES) play an important role in the transition to low carbon, sustainable energy systems by coping with the mismatch between demand and availability of thermal energy from timely-based energy sources. One of the challenges for this technology lies in the reduction of the heat losses by increasing the quality of the insulation. The current technology state for hot water storages is conventional building insulation materials. For these latter, improving insulation ability is limited to their high conductivity properties and consequently, required large thickness. A possible solution is to use vacuum insulation.
This project aims to analyse the technical feasibility and the economic viability of a high performance, double-wall vacuum insulated thermal storage tank, designed to minimise heat losses. Applications for this product could be solar thermal systems integrated into industrial heating processes with temperatures up to 180 °C, but it can also be used for low temperature residential applications (e.g. up to 70°C) as well as in conjunction with other energy sources. The final objective is to provide an efficient, reliable and economic alternative to the existing insulated tank solutions for sensible thermal energy storage. This new concept is hereafter referred to as VITES and the feasibility determined for both industrial and residential applications. The VITES concept has some specific features when compared to other approaches of vacuum insulation for TES:
- no filling material in the evacuated gap between inner and outer tank to suppress conduction heat transfer
- copper coating on the walls of the evacuated gap to reduce longwave radiation exchange between the walls
- a special device to maintain the high vacuum in the gap (less than 0.001 mbar)
- customised spacers and supports to reduce thermal conduction between inner and outer tank
In order to carry out this study, the following activities were performed:
- literature review of the state of the art of TES systems and review of existing research on vacuum insulated tank technology and applications
- structural analysis of the designed VITES concept
- thermal analysis of the VITES concept
- thermal performance analysis for industrial heating processes and residential applications economic analysis and integrated market position
The literature review indicates that despite an important research activity to improve TES heat losses, the concept of no-filling evacuated annular gap investigated in this project has not yet been fully considered elsewhere. Suitable designs of double-wall vacuum insulated TES were then investigated, the final design evolved from a number of considerations. Externally, VITES resembles existing conventional insulated TES on the market in an attempt to minimise investment costs while internally it presents a number of key components designed to reduce heat losses.
This work was followed by a structural analysis to validate the proposed design and ensure conformity to high temperature applications. The final design was then thermally investigated to assess the impact of low emissivity coatings on the radiative heat transport in the evacuated gap. An estimation of the thermal bridges from piping connections, fittings and stability spacers was also conducted. The effect of moisture on the insulation ability of conventional materials was also used for comparison purposes. To maintain and inspect the vacuum, an existing, patented and compact getter pump was chosen based on well-proven technology.
All these studies have allowed positioning the VITES concept in the actual TES market for future deployment considerations. A numerical model of the tank was subsequently developed and the thermal behaviour investigated under different operating conditions. An evaluation of the investment cost of the VITES concept was also performed and comparisons were made with conventional insulated TES on the market. Finally, economic considerations in the form of a payback time calculation presented the investment attractiveness with respect to the common TES alternatives on the market.
Overall, the VITES concept is clearly viable not only in terms of technical feasibility but also in terms of economic practicality. From this study, the following technical parameters can be summarised:
- tank made of AISI 304L
- maximum operating pressure 16 bar
- maximum operating temperature 180 °C
- standard capacities up to 10 m³
- for higher capacities possibility to use multiple tanks
- -vacuum insulation level (less than 0.001 mbar)
- getter pump to inspect and maintain vacuum level (20 years warranty)
- thermal bridges less than 15% of the overall tank losses (at 160°C)
- heat losses: 25 W/m² at 160 °C and 9 W/m² at 90 °C
- specific cost: 13500 to 5000 CHF/m³ for 1 to 10 m³
- storage capacity cost: 130 to 47 CHF/kWh for 1 to 10 m³