Rapport final
(Allemand)
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Das vorliegende Rahmenprojekt "Photovoltaik Systemtechnik 2007-2010" ist das Nachfolgeprojekt zum Projekt "Photovoltaik Systemtechnik 2003-2006". Hier die wichtigsten Projektresultate:
Auch im Laufe dieses Projektes wurde die Infrastruktur des Photovoltaiklabors ausgebaut und weiter verbessert. Für den Test grosser Wechselrichter wurde ein hochpräziser, hochstabiler, automatischer Solargenerator-Simulator mit einer MPP-Leistung von bis zu 101 kW (UOC ≤ 810 V, ISC ≤ 156 A) ent-wickelt und ab Winter 2008/2009 sukzessive in Betrieb genommen. Dieses Gerät dürfte immer noch der weltweit leistungsfähigste Solargenerator-Simulator dieser Leistungsklasse sein. Zusätzlich wur-den für EMV-Messungen eine DC-Netznachbildung für U ≤ 1000 V und I ≤ 150 A entwickelt und eine dreiphasige AC-Netznachbildung für 400 V und 200 A beschafft, sodass mit dieser Ausrüstung auch leitungsgebundene Störungen von grossen Wechselrichtern gemessen werden können. Mit dieser Ausrüstung wurde im Jahre 2009 dann auch der erste ausführliche Test nach der neuen Wechsel-richter-Testnorm prEN50530 an einem Wechselrichter Solarmax 100C durchgeführt. Für norm-gerechte Inseltests bis 100kW wurden auch Resonanzkreise von 33 kVar entwickelt.
Das vorliegende Rahmenprojekt "Photovoltaik Systemtechnik 2007-2010" ist das Nachfolgeprojekt zum Projekt "Photovoltaik Systemtechnik 2003-2006". Hier die wichtigsten Projektresultate:
Auch im Laufe dieses Projektes wurde die Infrastruktur des Photovoltaiklabors ausgebaut und weiter verbessert. Für den Test grosser Wechselrichter wurde ein hochpräziser, hochstabiler, automatischer Solargenerator-Simulator mit einer MPP-Leistung von bis zu 101 kW (UOC ≤ 810 V, ISC ≤ 156 A) ent-wickelt und ab Winter 2008/2009 sukzessive in Betrieb genommen. Dieses Gerät dürfte immer noch der weltweit leistungsfähigste Solargenerator-Simulator dieser Leistungsklasse sein. Zusätzlich wur-den für EMV-Messungen eine DC-Netznachbildung für U ≤ 1000 V und I ≤ 150 A entwickelt und eine dreiphasige AC-Netznachbildung für 400 V und 200 A beschafft, sodass mit dieser Ausrüstung auch leitungsgebundene Störungen von grossen Wechselrichtern gemessen werden können. Mit dieser Ausrüstung wurde im Jahre 2009 dann auch der erste ausführliche Test nach der neuen Wechsel-richter-Testnorm prEN50530 an einem Wechselrichter Solarmax 100C durchgeführt. Für norm-gerechte Inseltests bis 100kW wurden auch Resonanzkreise von 33 kVar entwickelt.
Auftragnehmer/Contractant/Contraente/Contractor:
Berner Fachhochschule, Technik und Informatik, Fachbereich Elektro- und Kommunikationstechnik, Photovoltaiklabor
Autorschaft/Auteurs/Autori/Authors:
Häberlin,Heinrich
Documents annexés
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Rapport final
(Anglais)
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This framework project "PV system technology 2007-2010" is a follow-up to the project "PV system technology 2003-2006". The main results of this framework project are indicated below.
The infrastructure of the PV laboratory for inverter tests was further improved during this project. For tests of large inverters a highly precise, automatic PV generator simulator with a MPP-power up to 101 kW (VOC ≤ 810 V, ISC ≤ 156 A) was developed and commissioned in winter 2008/2009. This device is probably still the most powerful PV generator simulator in the world in this performance category. In addition, for conducted EMC measurements a DC line impedance stabilisation network for V ≤ 1000 V and I ≤ 150 A was developed and an AC line impedance stabilisation network for V ≤ 400 V and I ≤ 200 A was bought. Together with these networks also conducted high frequency emissions of large inverters can be measured. With this equipment, first extended tests according to the new standard prEN50530 for inverter tests could be performed on an inverter Solarmax 100C. For islanding tests of inverters up to 100 kW resonant circuits with Q = 33 kVar were developed.
Besides the extension of the measuring infrastructure the head of the PV laboratory participated in the VDE working group for the creation of the new standard for inverter tests prEN50530. Owing to intense co-operation the "total or overall efficiency ηtot" defined in 2005 could be included in this standard. This quantity is the product of conversion and MPP-tracking efficiency. Due to many preliminary tests with different dynamic ramps also a procedure for the determination of the dynamic MPP tracking efficiency could be defined that was included in this standard. As for these activities much time was needed, somewhat less inverter tests of new devices could be performed than in previous projects (reports (mostly in German) on www.pvtest.ch >Publikationen > Wechselrichter-Testberichte). In addition, some paid services were provided (e.g. islanding tests, tests of RCD detectors on DC side according to VDE 126-1-1).
The long-term monitoring was extended further. At present 43 plants with 73 inverters are monitored, most of which in Burgdorf. BFH-TI’s PV-laboratory has now accumulated PV monitoring data of more than 850 inverter operation years. In mid-2010 9 PV plants were still equipped with an analytical monitoring system. Most of the plants operated properly. At Localnet’s PV plant with 15 kW in June 2009 an inverter defect occurred, which resulted in a significant replacement of important internal parts. As for monitoring purposes some internal signals were used which were no longer available afterwards, the analytical monitoring of this plant could not be continued from June 2009 on. The normalised energy production of the PV plants in Burgdorf (installed PV power 372 kWp) show a slightly decreasing tendency due to increasing pollution of the modules, inverter defects, string defects due to defects in fuses or clamps and so on. At the CIS PV plant Newtech 1 the stronger degradation started 2004 continued. However, at the amorphous PV plants Newtech 2 and 3 besides the usual seasonal variation of efficiency only a much lower further long-term degradation could be observed.
Since 1992 a total of 103 different inverters were monitored in a failure statistic. At present 72 inverters are monitored. Since 1997 the average failure rate varies between 0.07 and 0.21 inverter defects per inverter operation year (average value 0.122).
After several smouldering fires in module connector boxes in the last years, the question arose, if such fires might be also caused by defective bypass diodes (e.g. after a damage due to a nearby lightning current). Therefore in the reporting period many tests at modules of different manufacturers with our high-impulse current generator (imax ≤ 120 kA) were carried out (partly also paid confidential tests) and some extended papers about this problem were published.
After an international conference of the danger of DC arcs in PV systems with a successful demonstration of the arc detector developed at BFH-TI’s PV laboratory three companies have been informed under an NDA about the arc detector and two of them had a few engineers specially trained on it. However, owing to the very good business opportunities in the inverter (and PV in general) domain none of these companies has decided yet to start the necessary development process to integrate an arc detector into their inverters.
In summer 2010 several media reports about possible danger to firemen were published. Therefore this problem was analysed a little closer and first measurements were carried out.
During this project, many valuable contacts could be established to different national and international partners, especially to many inverter manufacturers in several countries.
Besides many papers at scientific conferences in September 2007 and May 2010 two extended books (in German, printed fully in colour) authored by the head of the PV laboratory were published. According to the feedback received by many PV specialists, these books are considered as reference books by many people active in PV. An English translation of the 2010 edition will probably be published in 2011 by Wiley.
Auftragnehmer/Contractant/Contraente/Contractor:
Berner Fachhochschule, Technik und Informatik, Fachbereich Elektro- und Kommunikationstechnik, Photovoltaiklabor
Autorschaft/Auteurs/Autori/Authors:
Häberlin,Heinrich
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