Switzerland’s long term climate strategy plans to use CCS (CO2 capture and storage) and CDR (carbon dioxide removal) for cement production, waste incineration, as well as the chemical and pharmaceutical, construction, and agriculture sectors. Given the difficulties and limitations of CCS and CDR, this work package investigates the potential of alternative measures to mitigate hard-to-abate emissions, such as alternative feedstocks and circular economy-based approaches. This work package focuses on four industrial sectors with distinct decarbonization challenges: 1) the construction sector with hard-to-abate-emissions due to the use of cement; 2) the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors which contribute 7% to the Swiss GDP, but currently depend on (mostly imported) fossil-based raw materials, energy-intensive processes, and yield direct emissions from chemical reactions; 3) the waste-treatment sector which is projected to heavily rely on CCS technologies; 4) the plastic recycling sector, which could play an important role in the decarbonization of the other sectors by enabling material circularity. We will go beyond a sector-by-sector analysis and identify cross-sectoral synergies and trade-offs in the decarbonization of sectors with hard-to-abate emissions. First, we will compile an inventory of current and emerging net-zero measures and technologies for each sector, forming the basis for identifying cross-sector synergies and interdependencies. Next, we will integrate these measures into detailed sectoral models to develop cost-effective decarbonization pathways that minimize reliance on CCS/CDR while meeting net-zero targets. In parallel, we will assess how these strategies affect value chains and firms, identifying implementation drivers and barriers and creating firm-level blueprints for action. Finally, we will integrate the firm-level insights into sectoral models to produce a cross-sectoral roadmap for a circular, net-zero Swiss economy, outlining key pathways, opportunities, and barriers.