To achieve the policy objective of net-zero carbon emissions, deep decarbonization is essential across all sectors. Carbon capture, utilization, and storage technologies are critical in supporting Switzerland's goal of achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. The Process Integrated Carbon Capture – Design and Evaluation (PICC) project presents a comprehensive methodology for integrating CO2 capture plants into industrial processes, demonstrated across three distinct industrial settings in Switzerland: KVA Linth (waste incineration plant), KSV Werdhölzli (sewage sludge incineration plant) and HHKW Galgenen (wood-fired power plant). The primary aim is to design integrated systems that enhance energy efficiency, optimise heat recovery, and reduce CO2 emissions, thereby supporting Switzerland's net-zero targets. The project investigates how integrating CO2 capture plants with various industrial point sources influence the energy efficiency and techno-economic performance of the integrated designs. The approach combines process simulation, Pinch Analysis, and system performance analysis through piece-wise steady-state simulations:
Process Simulation: Using CHEMCAD, the CO2 capture plant was modelled to simulate steady-state operation and identify process requirements and energy requirements.
Pinch Analysis: PinCH software facilitated the design of heat exchanger networks (HEN), optimising the integration of CO2 capture plant with existing plant systems to maximise heat recovery and minimise additional energy consumption.
System Analysis: Modelica was employed for piecewise steady-state analysis, assessing the integrated systems' performance over the year, accounting for seasonal variations.
The findings indicate that integrating CO2 capture plants with existing industrial processes enhances overall energy efficiency compared to stand-alone systems, primarily by utilising waste heat from the capture process and aligning with the lower temperature heating demands of industrial operations and their district heating networks. Heat pumps emerged as essential components in balancing thermal demands, optimising system performance, and reducing reliance on peak load boilers and external heat supplies. This led to lower fuel consumption and emissions, effectively offsetting the trade-offs associated with reduced electricity sales. However, major barriers to CO2 capture integration remain, particularly the limited operational data on the capital-intensive capture technologies and the sensitivity of economic feasibility to electricity market dynamics. In systems where heat pumps are used, the electricity purchase and sale prices directly influence operating costs and revenue streams. Consequently, the economic viability of integration concepts is highly dependent on site-specific factors, such as energy prices and the availability of waste heat, underscoring the importance of tailored integration strategies to ensure cost-effective emissions reductions.