The objectives of this project are (i) to analyze the impacts of converter-interfaced resources in distribution grids on the protection layouts of medium- and low-voltage distribution grids (MV and LV) and (ii) to assess the efficacy of the state-of-the-art methods for designing and assessing the protection layouts in distribution grids by using a quantitative framework: For (i) the focus is given to the future generation layouts when the number of conventional generators at high voltage (HV) and extra-high voltage (EHV) grids are varying significantly daily (e.g., summer daytime) and seasonally (e.g., summer vs. winter). For example, distributed generation at MV and LV grids such as solar PVs are expected to supply most of the demand on summer days. Since the number of online rotating machines at HV and EHV grids is reduced, maximum short-circuit currents (Ik”) supplied by the HV and EHV grids to the faults in the MV and LV grids are expected to significantly reduce, will result in not activation or delayed activation of the protection devices. This phenomenon is known as ”protection under-reach”, and not desired by the grid operators. In addition, due to the short-circuit current contribution of distributed generation at MV- and LV-grids, unnecessary activation of protection devices in feeders without faults are expected, especially if the protection devices are non-directional. This phenomenon is known as ”nuisance & sympathetic tripping”, and not desired by the operators, either. For (ii), the industrial standard, IEC60909-2016, which is widely used in the industry when designing and assessing the distribution grid protection systems, is assessed by using the results of the RMS simulations for selected generation layouts in (i).
In this report, first the benefits of RMS simulations (compared to the results of the IEC60909-2016 standard) for protection studies are demonstrated, especially when the grid voltages are deviating significantly from nominal voltage. For RMS simulations, the FEN in-house tool, FlexDYN*, is used. Next, the fault levels (i.e., short-circuit current levels, Ik”) in a given MV grid for selected grid operating states with high and low renewable energy resources such as PV is assessed. Following, the impacts of different fault levels in selected grid operating states on overcurrent protection of MV-LV transformers and MV cables as well as back-up protection are demonstrated, and finally a non-exhaustive list of potential mitigation measures is provided. For simulations and analyses, an MV grid is used, shared by EKZ in PowerFactory format, including MV-LV transformers, while the LV loads are aggregated at the LV side of the transformers.
The analysis shows that it is essential to consider the time-variant short circuit current (i.e., fault level, Sk′′ ) contribution from upper grids, projected for 2035+ when the number of spinning generators will be lower in ENTSO-E region. In extreme cases, for example when Sk′′ is 10% or less than today’s values, the use of the IEC60909-2016 standard in assessing the functionalities of the protection devices lead to inaccurate results. Depending on the location of the LV bus (i.e., proximity to HV-MV transformer), the MV-LV transformer’s characteristics, and the location of the PVs (i.e., at MV vs. LV), IEC60909-2016 may significantly underestimate or overestimate the fault levels at the LV bus. The undesired phenomena such as protection under-reach and nuisance & sympathetic tripping during short circuits in MV and LV grids are detected and better observed by using RMS simulations, especially when Sk′′ from upper grids is significantly lower. Due to short-circuit current contribution of solar PVs, the protection back-up coordination for overcurrent protection of cables are expected to be severely affected. The short-circuit current levels at the LV side of the transformers are expected to be affected. If the utility uses HHS (Hochspannungs-Hochleistungs-Sicherung / HV-fuse) in coordination with the protection devices at the LV feeders, the coordination settings shall be re-assessed for different operating conditions (e.g., high PV generation with low Sk′′).