This transnational project intends to define the best option to defossilize a bus fleet by using solar irradiation and biogenic waste as primary energy sources. Specific methods and models have been developed to perform techno-economic evaluations of the solutions, as well as an assessment of greenhouse gas emissions. Although in the framework of this project these methods are applied to a specific case study, they are flexible, generic and could be applied to any geographic location.
To defossilize the bus fleet, two scenarios are suggested and evaluated in the project: increase the number of electric vehicles and increase the amount of carbon-neutral methane used in the gas-fuelled buses. To implement these scenarios, additional units are required in completion to the existing infrastructures. Region Uppsala recently installed a PV plant on the roof of the bus depot, but to cope with the intermittence and seasonality of solar irradiation, part of the case study focuses on defining an optimal storage and operation strategy. Concurrently, more than half of the biomethane used by the bus fleet is produced at the facilities of Uppsala Vatten, a waste-management company that produces raw biogas while treating wastewater and digesting organic waste. The project investigates how the CO2 emitted into the air by the process could be combined with hydrogen to produce renewable methane (power-to-gas).
With these goals in mind, different modelling tools have been developed. To forecast the grid electricity prices, estimate its emission factors, and optimize the design and operation of a power-to-X plant. The results of the study show that the defossilisation of the bus fleet is technically feasible, however, the economic feasibility is a challenge. It is indeed currently still difficult for renewable gas (hydrogen, renewable methane or biogas) to compete with fossil fuels, especially with highly volatile electricity prices. In addition, politic uncertainties such as the possible ban of all internal combustion engines in the EU makes it difficult for stakeholders to invest in the long-term future.