AACTING, n.d. Network on quantification of veterinary antimicrobial usage at herd level and analysis, communication and benchmarking to improve responsible usage. https ://aacting.org/about-aacting/ (accessed 9.18.19). Antibiotika-Scout, Rind, Mastitis bei Kühen, n.d.
https://www.vetpharm.uzh.ch/abscou t/Rind/ABE_G016.htm (accessed 3.1.20). Bager, F., 2000. DANMAP: monitoring antimicrobial resistance in Denmark. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 14, 271–274.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-8579(00)00135- 7. Bundesamt für Statistik, 2018. Landwirtschaft und Ernahrung ¨ - Taschenstatistik 2018, Statistik der Schweiz. Bundesamt für Statistik, Neuchatel ˆ (Accessed 9.14.18). htt
ps://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/land-forstwirtschaft/landwirtscha ft.assetdetail.5287762.html. Carson, C.A., Reid-Smith, R., Irwin, R.J., Martin, W.S., McEwen, S.A., 2008. Antimicrobial use on 24 beef farms in Ontario. Can. J. Vet. Res. 72, 110–118. De Briyne, N., Atkinson, J., Pokludova, ´ L., Borriello, S.P., 2014. Antibiotics used most commonly to treat animals in Europe. Vet. Rec. 175, 325. https://doi.org/10.1136/ vr.102462. Echtermann, T., Muentener, C., Sidler, X., Kümmerlen, D., 2019. Antimicrobial drug consumption on swiss pig farms: a comparison of swiss and european defined daily and course doses in the field. Front. Vet. Sci. 6, 240. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fvets.2019.00240. Edo, J.T., 2017. ESVAC Strategy 2016-2020 Including Benefits of the Collection of Data on Sales and Use Per Species. EC Workshop with EMA, Brussels. European Medicines Agency, 2017. Sales of Veterinary Antimicrobial Agents in 30 European Countries in 2015- Trends From 2010 to 2015- Seventh ESVAC Report.
https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/report/seventh-esvac-report-sales-ve terinary-antimicrobial-agents-30-european-countries-2015_en.pdf. European Medicines Agency, 2018. Sales of Veterinary Antimicrobial Agents in 30 European Countries in 2016- Trends From 2010 to 2016- Eight ESVAC Report. https ://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/report/sales-veterinary-antimicrobial-agen ts-30-european-countries-2016-trends-2010-2016-eighth-esvac_en.pdf. European Medicines Agency, n.d. European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption.
https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/veterinary-regulatory/overview/ant imicrobial-resistance/european-surveillance-veterinary-antimicrobial-consumpt ion-esvac#stratifying (accessed 9.18.19). European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption (ESVAC), 2016. Defined Daily Doses for Animals (DDDvet) and Defined Course Doses for Animals (DCDvet).
https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/other/defined-daily-d oses-animals-dddvet-defined-course-doses-animals-dcdvet-european-surveillance_en .pdf. V.-B. Pucken et al. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 186 (2021) 105221 9 Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, 2017. ARCH-Vet, Bericht über den Vertrieb von Antibiotika in der Veterin¨ armedizin in der Schweiz 2017.
https://www.blv.admi n.ch/blv/de/home/tiere/tierarzneimittel/antibiotika/vertrieb.html. Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, n.d. Informationssystem Antibiotika in der Veterin¨ armedizin IS ABV.
https://www.blv.admin.ch/blv/de/home/tiere/tierarznei mittel/antibiotika/isabv.html (accessed 1.5.20). Ferri, M., Ranucci, E., Romagnoli, P., Giaccone, V., 2017. Antimicrobial resistance: a global emerging threat to public health systems. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 57, 2857–2876.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2015.1077192. Government of Canada, n.d. CIPARS Reports. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/ services/surveillance/canadian-integrated-program-antimicrobial-resistance-survei llance-cipars/cipars-reports.html (Accessed 1.4.20). Hoelzer, K., Wong, N., Thomas, J., Talkington, K., Jungman, E., Coukell, A., 2017. Antimicrobial drug use in food-producing animals and associated human health risks: what, and how strong, is the evidence? BMC Vet. Res. 13, 211.
https://doi.org/ 10.1186/s12917-017-1131-3. Kasabova, S., Hartmann, M., Werner, N., K¨ asbohrer, A., Kreienbrock, L., 2019. Used Daily Dose vs. Defined Daily Dose—Contrasting Two Different Methods to Measure Antibiotic Consumption at the Farm Level. Front. Vet. Sci. 6, 116.
https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fvets.2019.00116. Kuipers, A., Koops, W.J., Wemmenhove, H., 2015. Antibiotic use in dairy herds in the Netherlands from 2005 to 2012. J. Dairy Sci. 99, 1632–1648.
https://doi.org/ 10.3168/jds.2014-8428. Men´endez Gonz´ alez, S., Steiner, A., Gassner, B., Regula, G., 2010. Antimicrobial use in Swiss dairy farms: quantification and evaluation of data quality. Prev. Vet. Med. 95, 50–63.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.03.004. More, S.J., Clegg, T.A., McCoy, F., 2017. The use of national-level data to describe trends in intramammary antimicrobial usage on Irish dairy farms from 2003 to 2015. J. Dairy Sci. 100, 6400–6413.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-12068. N¨ agele, F., Pucken, V., Bodmer, M., Schouwey, S., Schüpbach-Regula, G., Carmo, L., 2019. Analysis of udder health in relation to antimicrobial usage in Swiss dairy farms. Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd. 161, 666–676. https://doi.org/10.17236/ sat00229. Nationale Strategie Antibiotikaresistenzen Schweiz (StAR), 2015.
https://www.star. admin.ch/star/de/home.html (accessed 8.22.18). Nobrega, D.B., De Buck, J., Naqvi, S.A., Liu, G., Naushad, S., Saini, V., Barkema, H.W., 2017. Comparison of treatment records and inventory of empty drug containers to quantify antimicrobial usage in dairy herds. J. Dairy Sci. 100, 9736–9745. https:// doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13116. Pucken, V.-B., Bodmer, M., van den Borne, B.H.P., 2016. Rekrutierung von motivierten Praktikern für eine Feldstudie. Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd. Band 158. Pucken, V.-B., Schüpbach-Regula, G., Gerber, M., Salis Gross, C., Bodmer, M., 2019. Veterinary peer study groups as a method of continuous education—a new approach to identify and address factors associated with antimicrobial prescribing. PLoS One 14, e0222497.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222497. Regula, G., Torriani, K., Gassner, B., Stucki, F., Muntener, C.R., Müntener, C., 2009. Prescription patterns of antimicrobials in veterinary practices in Switzerland. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 63, 805–811.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkp009. Saini, V., McClure, J.T., L´eger, D., Dufour, S., Sheldon, A.G., Scholl, D.T., Barkema, H.W., 2012. Antimicrobial use on Canadian dairy farms. J. Dairy Sci. 95, 1209–1221.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4527. Spycher, B., Regula, G., Wechsler, B., Danuser, J., 2002. Gesundheit und Wohlergehen von Milchkühen in verschiedenen Haltungsprogrammen. Schweiz.Arch.Tierheilk. 144, 519–530. Stevens, M., Piepers, S., Supr´e, K., Dewulf, J., De Vliegher, S., 2016. Quantification of antimicrobial consumption in adult cattle on dairy herds in Flanders, Belgium, and associations with udder health, milk quality, and production performance. J. Dairy Sci. 99, 2118–2130.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10199. Swiss Compendium of Veterinary Medicinal Products, n.d.
https://www.vetpharm.uzh. ch/perldocs/kompend3.htm (accessed 2.16.20). Swissmilk, 2018. Schweizer Milchwirtschaft in Zahlen (accessed 9.14.18).
https://www. swissmilk.ch/de/produzenten/services-fuer-milch produzenten/angebote-fuer-anlaesse-shop/broschueren-infomaterial/#prod-1151. The Netherlands Veterinary Medicines Institute (SDa), 2020.
https://www.autorite itdiergeneesmiddelen.nl/en (accessed 1.4.20). Thomson, K., Rantala, M., Hautala, M., Pyor ¨ al ¨ ¨ a, S., Kaartinen, L., 2008. Cross-sectional prospective survey to study indication-based usage of antimicrobials in animals: Results of use in cattle. BMC Vet. Res. 4, 15.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-4- 15. Verordnung über die Tierarzneimittel (TAMV) SR 812.212.27, 2004. Schweiz. Verordnung über die Tierarzneimittel (TAMV) AS 2016 961, 2016. Schweiz. Veterinary Medicines Directorate, 2018. Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance and Sales Surveillance (UK VARSS) (Accessed 1.4.20).
https://www.gov.uk/government/publ ications/veterinary-antimicrobial-resistance-and-sales-surveillance-2018. Wagemann, C., 2005. Private Interest Governments are Dead. Long Live Private Interest Governments? Lessons from Swiss Cows. Swiss Polit. Sci. Rev. 11, 1–25.
https://doi. org/10.1002/j.1662-6370.2005.tb00360.x. Werner, N., McEwen, S., Kreienbrock, L., 2018. Monitoring antimicrobial drug usage in animals: methods and applications. Microbiol. Spectr. 6. https://doi.org/10.1128/ microbiolspec.arba-0015-2017. WHO, 2018. Critically Important Antimicrobials for Human Medicine, 6th Revision. WHO. World Health Organization.
https://www.who.int/foodsafety/publicat ions/antimicrobials-sixth/en/.