Footprint II- Long Term Pavement Performance and Environmental Monitoring on A1

• Unité de recherche: OFROU RPT
• Numéro de projet: ASTRA2006/020
• Titre du projet anglais: Footprint II- Long Term Pavement Performance and Environmental Monitoring on A1

Mots-clé (Anglais)

Axle Load, Tire pressure, Noise, Vibration, Gaseous emissions

Description succincte (Anglais)

The Footprint II project aims to continue the cooperation with the European partners that started with the Eureka Logchain Footprint project in order to identify vehicles with a high environmental footprint. The EUREKA project Logchain Footprint E!2486 has introduced advanced computational and measurement tools for the investigation and the characterization of vehicles based on their footprint

Description du projet (Anglais)

It was shown in Eureka Logchain Footprint project (Footprint I) that the same axle load can have quite different load distribution using the Modulas SIM sensor depending on the pressure inside the tire. It was further shown that using tire pressures that are within acceptable limits can lead to axle loads that affect the pavements considerably less. The Modulas sensor allows in-situ monitoring of the tire contact and inflation pressures with different degrees of accuracy, however the sensors need to be improved in the following ways:

a. current spatial resolution 0.15cm should be improved

b. durability which was tested during the Footprint I project needs to be improved

c. At least four Modulas sensors need to be installed to cover the whole lane as opposed to one tire. This had led to many missed passes in the Footprint I project.

In the course of the Footprint I project the vibration caused by a vehicle passing by was measured using a velocity sensor at a distance of 7.5 m from the centreline of the slow lane. The results show that currently ground borne vibrations on the A1 Footprint monitoring site (FMS) are not at levels that are disturbing to humans or building. However it is important to continue to monitor the ground borne vibrations for the following reasons:

a. Monitor the current level in order to verify any long term change of this characteristics due to changing traffic patterns or deterioration of the pavement

b. Comparison to rail ground borne vibrations

c. Optimization of deformation measurements and their data evaluation system.

The Footprint II Project aims to continue with the noise monitoring in order to validate the Footprint I criterion and in addition to establish thresholds for environmentally friendly vehicles as it pertains to noise measurements of individual vehicles.

Since a Footprint Monitoring Site is able to deliver the mass, type and engine technology (e.g. using license plate recognition) of a heavy duty vehicle, the best available technique would be to select the emission factors of that vehicle class for a defined driving pattern from the "Handbook of Emission Factors for Road Transport" data base. It is therefore proposed that the Footprint II project is linked with the D.A.CH activities on the handbook.

In order to determine the effect of various load distributions, currently a purely elastic, three dimensional multilayer finite element model using ABAQUS is used which delivers the response of the pavement to a dynamically applied load. As input for the dynamic load the load distribution obtained from the Modulas sensor is used. It is the aim of Footprint II to improve and optimize this model.

In the framework of Footprint I all 100 channels have been able to record successfully. However the following improvements need to be made to the current data acquisition system:

a. Synchronization of the WIM clock and the FMS clock has to be improved

b. Optimization of data acquisition so that the WIM Modulas, vibration, temp deformation data from each vehicle is recorded.

In policy options work group representatives of ASTRA, BAFU and BAV will continue to cooperate with other European partners to use the results of measurements from the monitoring sites as well as modelling to identify policy options which are cost effective to reduce interaction at source and make direct comparison between road and rail transport modes. An important part of this work group is the identification of environmentally friendly vehicles and infrastructure and to produce European labels to identify vehicles and infrastructures as such. Furthermore, he Swiss partner in the cost analysis work group will evaluate the output from the European work group as input for the policy options work group.

Equipements spéciaux (Anglais)

The Kistler MODULAS sensor is a novel device which has been used since 2005 to improve the methods to analyze the wheel load influences on the infrastructure. It is recommended that this device will be removed, improved, repaired and reinstalled in Footprint II. Deformation sensors developed at Empa will be further optimized

Etat des recherches effectuées par le requérant (Anglais)

The Laboratory for Road Engineering/Sealing components at Empa has been active in the Eureka Logchain Footprint since 2004 and in cooperation with 3 other laboratories at Empa, Kistler instruments, Rapp, RTSC, ASTRA and BAFU has delivered vital input for the project.

Objectifs du projet (Anglais)

The European cooperative project Eureka Logchain Footprint has been actively developing an innovative and cost effective method to identify road and rail vehicles by means of their "footprint" as characterized by dynamic load, noise, vibration and gaseous emissions induced by the vehicle. EMPA together with the partners from the private industry (Kistler, RTSC) and the federal government (ASTRA, BAFU, BAV) have been active since 2004 in this project and aim with other European partners to continue to bring together vital synergies to provide solutions on a European level. The aim is to develop methods for measurement and evaluation of vehicle and infrastructure interaction and their influence on the mechanical performance of pavements and the environment leading to road deterioration and environmental pollution

Plan de recherche (Anglais)

Task 1:Removal/repair/reinstallation of Modulas in cooperation with Kistler

Task 2: In-situ measurements of tire pressure in cooperation with ASTRA WIM calibration

Task 3: Optimization of data acquisition

Task 4: Cost modelling

Task 5: Policy options

Task 6: Optimization of Vehicle –Infrastructure interaction model

Task 7: Participation in Eureka meetings

Task 8: Identification of sample of environmentally unfriendly vehicles

Task 9: Final Report

Mise en oeuvre et application (Anglais)

Develop an innovative and cost effective method to identify vehicles by means of their "footprint" as characterized by dynamic load, displacements within pavement layers, noise and vibration induced by the vehicle coupled with the use of the Kistler MODULAS sensor. This information can be used firstly to compare various modes of transportation in terms of their environmental friendliness and secondly for infrastructure charging

Publications / Résultats (Allemand)

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No du rapport (Allemand)

1288

Littérature (Anglais)

1. European cooperative project Eureka, homepage, www.Eureka.be, Project Number E!2486.

2. “Fair and Efficient”, The distance related Heavy Vehicle Fee (HVF), http://www.bundespublikationen.admin.ch/ Form 812.004.1.e. Also available in German and French.

3. M. De Beer, L. Kannemeyer, C. Fischer, Towards improved mechanistic design of thin asphalt layer surfaces based on actual tyre/pavement contact stress-in-motion (SIM) data in South Africa, 7^th Conference on asphalt pavements for Southern Africa, CAPSA ’99.

4. European Cooperative Project OECD IR 6 DEVINE, Dynamic interaction between vehicles and infrastructure experiment. 26-Oct-1998.

5. COST 323 (1999), European Specification on Weigh-in-Motion of Road Vehicles, EUCO-COST/323/8/99, LCPC, Paris, August, 66 pp.

6. Anderegg, P., Brönnimann, R., Raab, C., Partl, M.N., „Long Term Monitoring of Pavement Deformations on an Expressway“, Proceedings of the 3rd International Measurements Conference, IMEKU, Celle, Germany, 23-27 Sep, 2002.

7. EN ISO 11819-1: Acoustics - Measurement of the influence of road surfaces on traffic noise - Part 1: Statistical Pass-By method, 1997.

8. Doran, P, Ramda, V. draft report of cost modelling sub-group to footprint partners “The Attribution of Infrastructure Costs to Vehicles”,2005

9. http://www.umwelt-schweiz.ch/buwal/de/fachgebiete/fg_ubeobacht/rubrik3/mfm-u

10. www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/741_11/a67.html

11. REORIENT Further Info: www.reorient.org.uk

12. Hueglin, C., Buchmann, B. and Weber, R. O. (2006). Long-term observation of real-world road traffic emission factors on a motorway in Switzerland. Atmos. Environ. 40(20): 3696-3709.